1 The Age of Materialism Incorporated What Two Major Movements in the Arts?

vi.one Political Civilisation

Learning Objectives

After reading this section, y'all should be able to respond the following questions:

1. What is a nation's political culture, and why is it of import?
2. What are the characteristics of American political culture?
3. What are the values and behavior that are most ingrained in American citizens?
4. What constitutes a political subculture, and why are subcultures important?

This section defines political civilization and identifies the core qualities that distinguish American political culture, including the state's traditions, folklore, and heroes. The values that Americans comprehend, such as individualism and egalitarianism, volition be examined equally they relate to cultural ideals.

What Is Political Civilisation?

Political culture can be thought of equally a nation's political personality. It encompasses the deep-rooted, well-established political traits that are characteristic of a society. Political civilization takes into account the attitudes, values, and beliefs that people in a society accept nigh the political arrangement, including standard assumptions nearly the way that government works. Equally political scientist W. Lance Bennett notes, the components of political civilization can exist difficult to analyze. "They are rather similar the lenses in a pair of glasses: they are not the things nosotros run into when we look at the globe; they are the things we see with" (Bennett, 1980). Political civilization helps build community and facilitate communication because people share an agreement of how and why political events, actions, and experiences occur in their country.

Political civilization includes formal rules also as customs and traditions, sometimes referred to as "habits of the heart," that are passed on generationally. People agree to abide by certain formal rules, such equally the country's constitution and codified laws. They also alive by unstated rules: for instance, the willingness in the United States to accept the outcomes of elections without resorting to violence. Political culture sets the boundaries of adequate political behavior in a society (Elazar, 1994).

While the civic culture in the United states of america has remained relatively stable over time, shifts have occurred as a outcome of transforming experiences, such every bit state of war, economic crises, and other societal upheavals, that accept reshaped attitudes and beliefs (Inglehart, 1990). Key events, such as the Civil State of war, World War I, World War II, the Keen Depression, the Vietnam War, the ceremonious rights movement, and the terrorist attacks of 9/eleven have influenced the political worldviews of American citizens, especially young people, whose political values and attitudes are less well established.

American Political Civilisation

Political culture consists of a diverseness of different elements. Some aspects of civilization are abstract, such as political beliefs and values. Other elements are visible and readily identifiable, such as rituals, traditions, symbols, folklore, and heroes. These aspects of political culture can generate feelings of national pride that form a bail between people and their country. Political culture is not monolithic. It consists of various subcultures based on group characteristics such equally race, ethnicity, and social circumstances, including living in a particular identify or in a sure part of the country. Nosotros volition now examine these aspects of political culture in the American context.

Beliefs

Beliefs are ideas that are considered to be true by a society. Founders of the American commonwealth endorsed both equality, almost notably in the Announcement of Independence, and liberty, about prominently in the Constitution. These political theories take go incorporated into the political culture of the Usa in the fundamental beliefs of egalitarianism and individualism.

Egalitarianism is the doctrine emphasizing the natural equality of humans, or at to the lowest degree the absenteeism of a preexisting superiority of one set of humans above another. This core American belief is plant in the preamble to the Declaration of Independence, which states that "all men are created equal" and that people are endowed with the unalienable rights to "life, freedom, and the pursuit of happiness." Americans endorse the intrinsic equal worth of all people. Survey data consistently indicate that betwixt eighty percent and ninety pct of Americans believe that it is essential to treat all people every bit, regardless of race or indigenous background (Hunter & Bowman, 1996; Pew Research Center, 2009).

The principle of individualism stresses the centrality and dignity of private people. Information technology privileges free activeness and people's ability to take the initiative in making their ain lives equally well every bit those of others more prosperous and satisfying. In keeping with the Constitution's preoccupation with liberty, Americans feel that children should be taught to believe that individuals can better themselves through self-reliance, hard work, and perseverance (Hunter & Bowman, 1996).

The beliefs of egalitarianism and individualism are in tension with ane some other. For Americans today, this contradiction tends to be resolved by an expectation of equality of opportunity, the conventionalities that each individual has the same chance to get ahead in guild. Americans tend to experience that most people who want to become ahead can get in if they're willing to work hard (Pew Enquiry Heart, 1999). Americans are more likely to promote equal political rights, such as the Voting Rights Act's stipulation of equal participation for all qualified voters, than economic equality, which would redistribute income from the wealthy to the poor (Wilson, 1997).

Values

Beliefs class the foundation for values, which represent a society's shared convictions most what is just and good. Americans claim to exist committed to the core values of individualism and egalitarianism. Yet there is sometimes a pregnant disconnect betwixt what Americans are willing to uphold in principle and how they carry in exercise. People may say that they support the Constitutional right to free speech but and then balk when they are confronted with a political extremist or a racist speaking in public.

Cadre American political values are vested in what is often called the American creed. The creed, which was equanimous by New York State Commissioner of Education Henry Sterling Chapin in 1918, refers to the belief that the United States is a government "by the people, for the people, whose simply powers are derived from the consent of the governed." The nation consists of sovereign states united equally "a perfect Union" based on "the principles of freedom, equality, justice, and humanity." American exceptionalism is the view that America'due south exceptional development every bit a nation has contributed to its special identify is the globe. Information technology is the conviction that the land's vast frontier offered dizzying and equal opportunities for individuals to achieve their goals. Americans feel strongly that their nation is destined to serve as an instance to other countries (Hunter & Bowman, 1996). They believe that the political and economic systems that take evolved in this country are perfectly suited in principle to permit both individualism and egalitarianism.

Consequently, the American creed likewise includes patriotism: the love of one's country and respect for its symbols and principles. The events of 9/eleven ignited Americans' patriotic values, resulting in many public displays of back up for the country, its autonomous grade of government, and say-so figures in public-service jobs, such as police and firefighters. The printing has scrutinized politicians for actions that are perceived to point a lack of patriotism, and the perception that a political leader is not patriotic tin can generate controversy. In the 2008 presidential election, a small-scale media frenzy developed over Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama's "patriotism problem." The news media debated the significance of Obama'south not wearing a flag lapel pivot on the campaign trail and his failure to place his hand over his center during the playing of the national anthem.

Video Prune

Barack Obama's Patriotism

(click to run across video)

A steak fry in Iowa during the 2008 Democratic presidential primary sparked a debate over candidate Barack Obama's patriotism. Obama, standing with opponents Bill Richardson and Hillary Clinton, failed to identify his paw over his eye during the playing of the national anthem. In the groundwork is Ruth Harkin, wife of Senator Tom Harkin, who hosted the event.

Another core American value is political tolerance, the willingness to allow groups with whom one disagrees to practise their constitutionally guaranteed freedoms, such equally costless speech. While many people strongly support the ideal of tolerance, they often are unwilling to extend political freedoms to groups they dislike. People acknowledge the constitutional right of racist groups, such as skinheads, to demonstrate in public, but will become to peachy lengths to foreclose them from doing so (Sullivan, Piereson, & Marcus, 1982).

Democratic political values are amongst the cornerstones of the American creed. Americans believe in the rule of police force: the thought that government is based on a body of law, agreed on by the governed, that is applied equally and justly. The Constitution is the foundation for the rule of law. The creed also encompasses the public's loftier degree of respect for the American organization of government and the construction of its political institutions.

Capitalist economic values are embraced by the American creed. Capitalist economical systems emphasize the need for a free-enterprise system that allows for open up business competition, private ownership of property, and limited government intervention in business affairs. Underlying these capitalist values is the conventionalities that, through hard work and perseverance, anyone tin can be financially successful (McClosky & Zaller, 1987).

Figure 6.ane

Tea Party supporters from across the country staged a "March on Washington" to demonstrate their opposition to government spending and to show their patriotism.

The primacy of individualism may undercut the status quo in politics and economic science. The emphasis on the lone, powerful person implies a distrust of collective activity and of power structures such as big government, big business, or large labor. The public is leery of having besides much power concentrated in the easily of a few large companies. The emergence of the Tea Party, a visible grassroots bourgeois motility that gained momentum during the 2010 midterm elections, illustrates how some Americans go mobilized in opposition to the "tax and spend" policies of big regime (Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, 2001). While the Tea Party shunned the mainstream media because of their view that the press had a liberal bias, they received tremendous coverage of their rallies and conventions, besides every bit their candidates. Tea Party candidates relied heavily on social media, such as Facebook and Twitter, to get their anti–large government message out to the public.

Rituals, Traditions, and Symbols

Rituals, traditions, and symbols are highly visible aspects of political culture, and they are important characteristics of a nation's identity. Rituals, such every bit singing the national canticle at sporting events and saluting the flag before the start of a school twenty-four hours, are formalism acts that are performed by the people of a nation. Some rituals have important symbolic and substantive purposes: Election Night follows a standard script that ends with the vanquished candidate congratulating the opponent on a well-fought battle and urging back up and unity backside the victor. Whether they have supported a winning or losing candidate, voters feel better about the outcome every bit a event of this ritual (Ginsberg & Weissberg, 1978).The Country of the Union accost that the president makes to Congress every January is a ritual that, in the modern era, has become an opportunity for the president to set up his policy agenda, to study on his administration'due south accomplishments, and to establish public trust. A more than recent addition to the ritual is the practice of having representatives from the president'southward political party and the opposition give formal, televised reactions to the address.

Effigy half-dozen.ii

President Barack Obama gives the 2010 State of the Union address. The ritual calls for the president to be flanked by the Speaker of the House of Representatives (Nancy Pelosi) and the vice president (Joe Biden). Members of Congress and distinguished guests fill the House gallery.

Political traditions are community and festivities that are passed on from generation to generation, such as celebrating America'southward founding on the Quaternary of July with parades, picnics, and fireworks. Symbols are objects or emblems that represent a nation. The flag is perhaps the most significant national symbol, specially as it can take on enhanced meaning when a state experiences hard times. The baldheaded eagle was officially adopted as the country'due south emblem in 1787, every bit it is considered a symbol of America's "supreme ability and authority."

Figure 6.three

The Statue of Liberty stands in New York Harbor, an 1844 gift from France that is a symbol welcoming people from foreign lands to America's shores.

Folklore

Political folklore, the legends and stories that are shared by a nation, constitutes some other element of culture. Individualism and egalitarianism are central themes in American folklore that are used to reinforce the state's values. The "rags-to-riches" narratives of novelists—the belatedly-nineteenth-century writer Horatio Alger existence the quintessential example—gloat the possibilities of advancement through hard work.

Much American folklore has grown upward around the early presidents and figures from the American Revolution. This folklore creates an image of men, and occasionally women, of grapheme and strength. Most sociology contains elements of truth, just these stories are usually greatly exaggerated.

Figure 6.four

There are many folktales most immature George Washington, including that he chopped down a cherry tree and threw a silver dollar across the Potomac River. These stories were popularized by engravings similar this one by John C. Mccabe depicting Washington working as a state surveyor.

The commencement American president, George Washington, is the subject field of folklore that has been passed on to school children for more than 2 hundred years. Young children learn about Washington'south impeccable honesty and, thereby, the importance of telling the truth, from the legend of the cherry tree. When asked past his father if he had chopped down a cherry tree with his new hatchet, Washington confessed to committing the human activity past replying, "Male parent, I cannot tell a lie." This effect never happened and was made by biographer Parson Mason Weems in the late 1700s (George Washington's Mount Vernon, 2011). Legend also has it that, equally a boy, Washington threw a silver dollar across the Potomac River, a story meant to illustrate his tremendous physical strength. In fact, Washington was not a gifted athlete, and silvery dollars did not exist when he was a youth. The origin of this sociology is an episode related by his step-grandson, who wrote that Washington had once thrown a piece of slate across a very narrow portion of the Rappahannock River in Virginia (George Washington'southward Mount Vernon, 2011).

Heroes

Heroes embody the human characteristics most prized by a land. A nation's political culture is in part defined past its heroes who, in theory, embody the best of what that land has to offering. Traditionally, heroes are people who are admired for their force of grapheme, beneficence, courage, and leadership. People also can accomplish hero status because of other factors, such equally celebrity status, able-bodied excellence, and wealth.

Shifts in the people whom a nation identifies as heroes reverberate changes in cultural values. Prior to the twentieth century, political figures were preeminent among American heroes. These included patriotic leaders, such as American-flag designer Betsy Ross; prominent presidents, such equally Abraham Lincoln; and military leaders, such as Civil War General Stonewall Jackson, a leader of the Confederate ground forces. People learned about these leaders from biographies, which provided information about the valiant deportment and patriotic attitudes that contributed to their success.

Today American heroes are more likely to come from the ranks of prominent amusement, sports, and business figures than from the world of politics. Popular culture became a powerful mechanism for elevating people to hero condition outset effectually the 1920s. Every bit mass media, specially movement pictures, radio, and television receiver, became an important office of American life, entertainment and sports personalities who received a bully bargain of publicity became heroes to many people who were awed by their celebrity (Greenstein, 1969).

In the 1990s, business leaders, such as Microsoft's Bill Gates and General Electric'southward Jack Welch, were considered to exist heroes by some Americans who sought to accomplish material success. The tenure of concern leaders equally American heroes was short-lived, however, as media reports of the lavish lifestyles and widespread criminal misconduct of some corporation heads led people to get disillusioned. The incarceration of Wall Street investment advisor Bernard Madoff made international headlines equally he was declared to have defrauded investors of billions of dollars (Yin, 2001).

Sports figures feature prominently among American heroes, especially during their prime. Cyclist Lance Armstrong is a hero to many Americans because of his unmatched accomplishment of winning seven sequent Bout de French republic titles after beating cancer. However, heroes can face opposition from those who seek to discredit them: Armstrong, for instance, has been defendant of doping to win races, although he has never failed a drug test.

Figure 6.five

Cyclist Lance Armstrong is considered past many to be an American hero because of his athletic accomplishments and his fight against cancer. He also has been the subject of unrelenting media reports that try to debunk his hero status.

NBA basketball player Michael Jordan epitomizes the modern-solar day American hero. Hashemite kingdom of jordan'southward hero condition is vested in his ability to span the world of sports and concern with unmatched success. The media promoted Jordan's hero prototype intensively, and he was marketed commercially past Nike, who produced his "Air Jordans" shoes (Walters, 1997). His unauthorized 1999 film biography is titled Michael Hashemite kingdom of jordan: An American Hero, and it focuses on how Jordan triumphed over obstacles, such equally racial prejudice and personal insecurities, to get a role model on and off the basketball court. Young filmgoers watched Michael Jordan help Bugs Bunny defeat evil aliens in Space Jam. In the film Like Mike, pint-sized rapper Lil' Bow Wow plays an orphan who finds a pair of Michael Hashemite kingdom of jordan'due south basketball shoes and is magically transformed into an NBA star. Lil' Bow Wow's story has a happy ending because he works hard and plays past the rules.

The nine/11 terrorist attacks prompted Americans to make heroes of ordinary people who performed in extraordinary ways in the confront of adversity. Firefighters and police officers who gave their lives, recovered victims, and protected people from further threats were honored in numerous ceremonies. Besides treated as heroes were the passengers of Flying 93 who attempted to overtake the terrorists who had hijacked their plane, which was believed to be headed for a target in Washington, DC. The airplane crashed in a Pennsylvania field.

Subcultures

Political subcultures are singled-out groups, associated with particular behavior, values, and behavior patterns, that be within the overall framework of the larger culture. They can develop around groups with singled-out interests, such as those based on age, sex activity, race, ethnicity, social course, organized religion, and sexual preference. Subcultures too tin can exist geographically based. Political scientist Daniel Elazar identified regional political subcultures, rooted in American immigrant settlement patterns, that influenced the way that authorities was constituted and adept in dissimilar locations beyond the nation. The moral political subculture, which is present in New England and the Midwest, promotes the common good over individual values. The individual political subculture, which is evident in the middle Atlantic states and the Westward, is more concerned with private enterprise than societal interests. The traditional political subculture, which is found in the S, reflects a hierarchical societal construction in which social and familial ties are cardinal to holding political power (Elazar, 1972). Political subcultures tin also form effectually social and artistic groups and their associated lifestyles, such as the heavy metal and hip-hop music subcultures.

Media Frames

The Hip-Hop Subculture

A cohort of black Americans has been labeled the hip-hop generation past scholars and social observers. The hip-hop generation is a subculture of generation X (people born between 1965 and 1984) that identifies strongly with hip-hop music as a unifying force. Its heroes come from the ranks of prominent music artists, including Grandmaster Wink, Chuck D, Run DMC, Ice Cube, Sister Souljah, Nikki D, and Queen Latifah. While a small-scale number of people who identify with this subculture advocate extreme politics, including violence against political leaders, the vast majority are peaceful, law-abiding citizens (Kitwana, 2002).

The hip-hop subculture emerged in the early 1970s in New York City. Hip-hop music began with political party-oriented themes, but by 1982 it was focusing heavily on political issues. Unlike the preceding civil rights generation—a black subculture of babe boomers (people born immediately subsequently World War II) that concentrated on achieving equal rights—the hip-hop subculture does non have an overarching political calendar. The messages passed on to the subculture past the music are highly varied and often contradictory. Some lyrics limited frustration near the poverty, lack of educational and employment opportunities, and loftier criminal offence rates that plague segments of the black community. Other songs provide public service letters, such as those included on the Stop the Violence anthology featuring Public Enemy and MC Lyte, and Table salt-N-Pepa's "Let'due south Talk about AIDS." Music associated with the gangsta rap genre, which was the product of gang culture and street wars in South Primal Los Angeles, promotes violence, peculiarly against women and say-so figures, such as the police. Information technology is from these lyrics that the mass media derive their nigh prominent frames when they comprehend the hip-hop subculture (Marable, 2002).

Media coverage of the hip-hop subculture focuses heavily on negative events and issues, while ignoring the socially constructive letters of many musicians. The subculture receives virtually of its media attending in response to the murder of prominent artists, such as Tupac Shakur and Notorious B.I.G., or the arrest of musicians for violating the law, commonly for a weapons- or drug-related charge. A prominent news frame is how violence in the music's lyrics translates into real-life violence. Equally hip-hop music became more pop with suburban white youth in the 1990s, the news media stepped upwards its warnings about the dangers of this subculture.

Media reports of the hip-hop subculture likewise coincide with the release of successful albums. Since 1998, hip-hop and rap take been the pinnacle-selling record formats. The ascendant news frame is that the hip-hop subculture promotes selfish materialist values. This is illustrated by news reports most the cars, homes, jewelry, and other bolt purchased by successful musicians and their promoters (Lewis, 2003).

Media coverage of hip-hop tends to downplay the positive aspects of the subculture.

Although the definition of political culture emphasizes unifying, collective understandings, in reality, cultures are multidimensional and oftentimes in conflict. When subcultural groups compete for societal resource, such as access to government funding for programs that will do good them, cultural cleavages and clashes tin upshot. Every bit we will see in the section on multiculturalism, conflict betwixt competing subcultures is an always-present fact of American life.

Multiculturalism

1 of the hallmarks of American civilization is its racial and ethnic diversity. In the early twentieth century, the playwright Israel Zangwill coined the phrase "melting pot" to describe how immigrants from many different backgrounds came together in the U.s.. The melting pot metaphor causeless that over time the distinct habits, community, and traditions associated with detail groups would disappear as people alloyed into the larger civilisation. A uniquely American culture would emerge that accommodated some elements of diverse immigrant cultures in a new context (Fuchs, 1990). For instance, American holiday celebrations contain traditions from other nations. Many common American words originate from other languages. However, the melting pot concept fails to recognize that immigrant groups do not entirely abandon their singled-out identities. Racial and ethnic groups maintain many of their basic characteristics, but at the same time, their cultural orientations change through marriage and interactions with others in society.

Over the past decade, there has been a trend toward greater acceptance of America'due south cultural variety. Multiculturalism celebrates the unique cultural heritage of racial and ethnic groups, some of whom seek to preserve their native languages and lifestyles. The Us is home to many people who were born in strange countries and still maintain the cultural practices of their homelands.

Multiculturalism has been embraced by many Americans, and it has been promoted formally by institutions. Elementary and secondary schools have adopted curricula to foster understanding of cultural variety by exposing students to the customs and traditions of racial and ethnic groups. As a outcome, immature people today are more tolerant of diversity in society than whatsoever prior generation has been. Government agencies advocate tolerance for diversity past sponsoring Hispanic and Asian American/Pacific Islander heritage weeks. The US Post has introduced stamps depicting prominent Americans from diverse backgrounds.

Figure vi.6

Americans gloat their multicultural heritage past maintaining traditions associated with their homelands.

Despite these trends, America'southward multiculturalism has been a source of societal tension. Support for the melting pot assumptions most racial and indigenous absorption still exists (Hunter & Bowman, 1996). Some Americans believe that likewise much effort and expense is directed at maintaining dissever racial and ethnic practices, such as bilingual education. Conflict can ascend when people feel that lodge has gone too far in accommodating multiculturalism in areas such every bit employment programs that encourage hiring people from varied racial and indigenous backgrounds (Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, 1999).

Enduring Images

The 9/11 Firefighters' Statue

On 9/11 Thomas E. Franklin, a photographer for Bergen County, New Jersey's Record, photographed three firefighters, Billy Eisengrein, George Johnson, and Dan McWilliams, raising a flag amid the smoldering rubble of the Globe Trade Center. Labeled by the press "the photo seen 'round the globe," his image came to symbolize the force, resilience, and heroism of Americans in the face up of a direct assail on their homeland.

Programmer Bruce Ratner deputed a nineteen-foot-tall, $180,000 statuary statue based on the photograph to stand in front of the New York City Fire Department (FDNY) headquarters in Brooklyn. When the statue prototype was unveiled, information technology revealed that the faces of two of the 3 white firefighters who had originally raised the flag had been replaced with those of black and Hispanic firefighters. Ratner and the artist who designed the statue claimed that the modification of the original image represented an endeavor to promote America'south multicultural heritage and tolerance for diverseness. The change had been authorized by the FDNY leadership (Dreher, 2002).

The modification of the famous photo raised the consequence of whether it is valid to modify historical fact in guild to promote a cultural value. A heated controversy broke out over the statue. Supporters of the change believed that the statue was designed to honor all firefighters, and that representing their diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds was warranted. Black and Hispanic firefighters were among the 343 who had lost their lives at the World Trade Center. Kevin James of the Vulcan Society, which represents black firefighters, defended the decision by stating, "The symbolism is far more important than representing the actual people. I call back the artistic expression of diverseness would supervene upon any business concern over factual correctness."^[ane]

Opponents claimed that since the statue was non meant to be a tribute to firefighters, simply rather a depiction of an actual event, the representation needed to be historically accurate. They drew a parallel to the famous 1945 Associated Press photograph of six Marines raising the flag on Iwo Jima during Earth State of war II and the historically precise memorial that was erected in Arlington, Virginia. Opponents also felt that information technology was wrong to politicize the statue past making it role of a dialogue on race. The proposed statue promoted an image of diversity within the FDNY that did non mirror reality. Of the FDNY's 11,495 firefighters, 2.7 percent are blackness and 3.2 percent are Latino, percentages well beneath the percentage these groups correspond in the overall population.

Some people suggested a compromise—2 statues. They proposed that the statue based on the Franklin photo should reflect historical reality; a 2d statue, celebrating multiculturalism, should be erected in front of another FDNY station and include depictions of rescue workers of diverse backgrounds at the World Trade Centre site. Plans for any blazon of statue were abased equally a effect of the controversy.

The iconic photograph of 9/xi firefighters raising a flag near the rubble of the World Trade Centre plaza is immortalized in a US postage stamp. Thomas Franklin, the veteran reporter who took the photo, said that the image reminded him of the famous Associated Press prototype of Marines raising the American flag on Iwo Jima during Globe War II.

Central Takeaways

Political civilization is divers past the ideologies, values, beliefs, norms, community, traditions, and heroes characteristic of a nation. People living in a particular political culture share views virtually the nature and functioning of government. Political culture changes over time in response to dramatic events, such equally war, economical collapse, or radical technological developments. The core American values of democracy and commercialism are vested in the American creed. American exceptionalism is the idea that the country has a special place in the globe considering of the circumstances surrounding its founding and the settling of a vast frontier.

Rituals, traditions, and symbols bond people to their culture and can stimulate national pride. Folklore consists of stories nearly a nation'southward leaders and heroes; often embellished, these stories highlight the character traits that are desirable in a nation'south citizens. Heroes are important for defining a nation's political civilisation.

America has numerous subcultures based on geographic region; demographic, personal, and social characteristics; religious amalgamation, and artistic inclinations. America's unique multicultural heritage is vested in the diverse racial and indigenous groups who have settled in the country, but conflicts tin arise when subgroups compete for societal resources.

Exercises

1. What do you think the American flag represents? Would it bother you to see someone fire an American flag? Why or why not?
2. What distinction does the text make between beliefs and values? Are there things that you lot believe in principle should exist washed that you might be uncomfortable with in practice? What are they?
3. Do y'all agree that America is uniquely suited to foster freedom and equality? Why or why non?
4. What characteristics make you call back of someone as specially American? Does race or cultural background play a function in whether y'all recollect of a person as American?

References

Bennett, W. L., Public Stance in American Politics (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1980), 368.

Dreher, R., "The Bravest Speak," National Review Online, January 16, 2002.

Elazar, D. J., American Federalism: A View From united states, 2nd ed. (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1972).

Elazar, D. J., The American Mosaic (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994).

Fuchs, Fifty. H., The American Kaleidoscope. (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1990).

George Washington'southward Mount Vernon, "Did George Washington really throw a argent dollar across the Potomac River?," accessed February 3, 2011, http://world wide web.mountvernon.org/knowledge/index.cfm/fuseaction/view/KnowledgeID/twenty.

George Washington's Mount Vernon, "Is it true that George Washington chopped down a scarlet tree when he was a male child?," accessed February 3, 2011, http://www.mountvernon.org/knowledge/index.cfm/fuseaction/view/KnowledgeID/21.

Ginsberg, B. and Herbert Weissberg, "Elections and the Mobilization of Pop Back up," American Journal of Political Science 22, no.1 (1978): 31–55.

Greenstein, F. I., Children and Politics (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1969).

Hunter, J. D. and Carl Bowman, The State of Disunion (Charlottesville, VA: In Media Res Educational Foundation, 1996).

Inglehart, R., Civilization Shift in Advanced Industrial Social club (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990).

Kitwana, B., The Hip-Hop Generation (New York: Basic Civitas Books, 2002).

Lewis, A., "Vilification of Blackness Youth Civilization by the Media" (chief'south thesis, Georgetown University, 2003).

Marable, M., "The Politics of Hip-Hop," The Urban Call back Tank, 2 (2002). http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/45a/594.html.

McClosky, H. and John Zaller, The American Ethos (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Printing, 1987).

Pew Inquiry Center for the People and the Press, Retro-Politics: The Political Typology (Washington, DC: Pew Research Eye, November 11, 1999).

Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, Values Survey (Washington, DC: Pew Inquiry Middle, March 2009).

Pew Inquiry Centre for the People and the Press, Views of Business and Regulation Remain Unchanged (Washington, DC: Pew Enquiry Center, February 21, 2001).

Sullivan, J. L., James Piereson, and George E. Marcus, Political Tolerance and American Commonwealth (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982).

Walters, P., "Michael Hashemite kingdom of jordan: The New American Hero" (Charlottesville VA: The Crossroads Projection, 1997).

Wilson, R. W., "American Political Culture in Comparative Perspective," Political Psychology, 18, no. 2 (1997): 483–502.

Yin, S., "Shifting Careers," American Demographics, 23, no. 12 (December 2001): 39–xl.

---

mccallsperchative.blogspot.com

Source: https://open.lib.umn.edu/americangovernment/chapter/6-1-political-culture/

Share this post